Population Genomics of Diapause Phenotypes in European Ips typographus Using High-Throughput RADseq

Being in the right physiological and reproductive condition at the right time and place is an essential component for the fitness of an insect population. Insects use a genetically programmed period named diapause to synchronize their life histories. In this project, the genetic variation of diapause of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus will be analyzed. Increases in temperature and progressively warmer springs permits more rapid rates of development in this spruce pest with the consequence of an increase in the number of generations per year in populations dominated normally by univoltine individuals. The method double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing ddRADSeq will be applied in order to investigate 1) the genetic basis of the evolution of facultative diapause from an ancestral condition of obligate diapause and 2) the phylogeography of European I. typographus populations emphasizing functional genetic variation associated with the diapause phenotype. Ecopyhsiologically defined individuals reared in the laboratory will be genetically screened via ddRADSeq and information shall be obtained on the genetic basis of alternative diapause developmental pathways. As diapause is a complex developmental phenotype only the analysis of a large number of loci or single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the entire genome will distinguish genome-wide phylogeographic effects among loci from genetic divergence driven by selection on the diapause phenotype. Distinguishing between phylogeoraphic structure and local selection will allow the identification of genomic regions subject to adaptation. Consequently, ddRADSeq will be applied on European populations studying how populations from Europe are genetically structured. Besides demographic information this screening will bring insight how single populations are phenotypically structured i.e. an estimate how many obligate vs. facultative individuals are present in each population.